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On Signing Statements

In some ways, the uproar over Presidential signing statements is overblown. Sometimes, Presidential signing statements can effectively allow a law to be enacted with the President making a Constitutional reservation regarding any concession of impact on Executive power caused by future interpretations of the law. However, as used by the Bush Administration, signing statements have been invidious extraconstitutional actions:

Federal officials have disobeyed at least six new laws that President Bush challenged in his signing statements, a government study disclosed yesterday. The report provides the first evidence that the government may have acted on claims by Bush that he can set aside laws under his executive powers.

This is the problem. The President can not uniltaerally choose to not enforce a provision of law based on his claim that the provision is unconstitutional. The President must veto such law. He does not have the power of line item veto in any respect, much less within one law.

The Globe's Charlie Savage writes about the GAO report on the subject and highlights a good example:

For example, one law requires the Customs and Border Patrol to relocate its illegal immigrant checkpoints near Tucson every seven days to prevent smugglers from being able to predict where they are, but the agency failed to do so. The border patrol told the GAO that the law is flawed because it "diverts resources," and it characterized the requirement as "advisory." In his signing statement of Oct. 18, 2005, Bush instructed the border patrol to view the "relocation provision as advisory rather than mandatory" on the assertion that only the president has the constitutional authority to decide how to deploy law enforcement officers.

Let me first say that I agree with Bush that the provision in question is supremely stupid and should not be the law. But Bush does not have the power to declare it "advisory." He must either veto the bill or have it challenged in court. The Federalist Papers, as always, are instructive. In Federalist 73:

The first thing that offers itself to our observation, is the qualified negative of the President [the veto power] upon the acts or resolutions of the two houses of the legislature; or, in other words, his power of returning all bills with objections, to have the effect of preventing their becoming laws, unless they should afterwards be ratified by two thirds of each of the component members of the legislative body.

The propensity of the legislative department to intrude upon the rights, and to absorb the powers, of the other departments, has been already suggested and repeated; the insufficiency of a mere parchment delineation of the boundaries of each, has also been remarked upon; and the necessity of furnishing each with constitutional arms for its own defense, has been inferred and proved. From these clear and indubitable principles results the propriety of a negative, either absolute or qualified, in the Executive, upon the acts of the legislative branches. Without the one or the other, the former would be absolutely unable to defend himself against the depredations of the latter. He might gradually be stripped of his authorities by successive resolutions, or annihilated by a single vote. And in the one mode or the other, the legislative and executive powers might speedily come to be blended in the same hands.

. . . But the power in question has a further use. It not only serves as a shield to the Executive, but it furnishes an additional security against the enaction of improper laws. . . .

The Constitution provides for the veto power. In Clinton v. New York, the Supreme Court stated that:

In both legal and practical effect, the President has amended two Acts of Congress by repealing a portion of each. “®epeal of statutes, no less than enactment, must conform with Art. I.” INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 954 (1983). There is no provision in the Constitution that authorizes the President to enact, to amend, or to repeal statutes. Both Article I and Article II assign responsibilities to the President that directly relate to the lawmaking process, but neither addresses the issue presented by these cases. The President “shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient … .” Art. II, §3. Thus, he may initiate and influence legislative proposals.27 Moreover, after a bill has passed both Houses of Congress, but “before it become[s] a Law,” it must be presented to the President. If he approves it, “he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it.” Art. I, §7, cl. 2.28 His “return” of a bill, which is usually described as a “veto,” 29 is subject to being overridden by a two-thirds vote in each House. . . . There are powerful reasons for construing constitutional silence on this profoundly important issue as equivalent to an express prohibition. The procedures governing the enactment of statutes set forth in the text of Article I were the product of the great debates and compromises that produced the Constitution itself. Familiar historical materials provide abundant support for the conclusion that the power to enact statutes may only “be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered, procedure.” Chadha, 462 U.S., at 951. Our first President understood the text of the Presentment Clause as requiring that he either “approve all the parts of a Bill, or reject it in toto.” 30 What has emerged in these cases from the President’s exercise of his statutory cancellation powers, however, are truncated versions of two bills that passed both Houses of Congress. They are not the product of the “finely wrought” procedure that the Framers designed.

So much worse would be a process where the President unilaterally usurps legislative power. What President bush has done with signing statements is flagrantly unconstitutional and an affront to the Constitution.

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  • Display: Sort:
    OK (5.00 / 2) (#1)
    by squeaky on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 12:30:37 PM EST
    What President bush has done with signing statements is flagrantly unconstitutional and an affront to the Constitution.
    Can we arrest him now?

    It really is (5.00 / 2) (#2)
    by andgarden on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 12:34:05 PM EST
    as if he's given himself the line item veto. Amazing.

    I'm thinking I should (5.00 / 1) (#5)
    by Maryb2004 on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 12:56:08 PM EST
    move from the defunding camp over to the impeachment camp.  At this point I don't  think either one is likely to happen but at least the idea of impeaching the little s**t makes me happy.  

    I guess I should let buhdy know so he can have a pony picture ready to welcome me.


    Parent

    Heh (none / 0) (#6)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 12:59:31 PM EST
    I'll ban you if you do.

    Parent
    sigh (5.00 / 4) (#7)
    by Maryb2004 on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 01:10:42 PM EST
    Everyone's a purist these days ...

    Parent
    Heh (none / 0) (#9)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 01:24:04 PM EST
    Overblown huh? (none / 0) (#3)
    by Militarytracy on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 12:47:12 PM EST
    The beaten to death at Kos have hopes it means something, anything at all.  Oh Well, tough crapoli isn't it?

    It is overblown (none / 0) (#4)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 12:54:14 PM EST
    except it does provide a window into the mindset.

    Parent
    Alright, I'm going to reserve some mind (none / 0) (#8)
    by Militarytracy on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 01:11:37 PM EST
    today and see if I can come to understand the nuances.  This is a huge undertaking today for me ;)

    Parent
    If I missed something in your post (none / 0) (#10)
    by Edger on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 02:06:24 PM EST
    please say so.

    He does not have the power of line item veto in any respect, much less within one law

    Has there been any precedent in law for the extremes to which Bush has carried this?

    Not to my knowledge (5.00 / 1) (#11)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 02:11:24 PM EST
    What "law" (none / 0) (#12)
    by Edger on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 03:00:12 PM EST
    says that a president must abide by the results of a general election and relinquish the presidency and/or the White House to the winner of an election?

    Can a presidential signing statement be written applying to a previously enacted bill that was signed into law by a previous president? Has it ever been done?

    If done, what "law" would either uphold, or invalidate, such a signing statement?

    Parent

    Um (5.00 / 1) (#13)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 03:05:26 PM EST
    The Constitution.

    Parent
    Hah. (none / 0) (#14)
    by Edger on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 03:09:06 PM EST
    Well.... ummm. Heh. Thanks. :-)

    How many other Constitutional requirements has he ignored or written signing statements to avoid abiding by?

    Parent

    There's an advantage among Democrats (none / 0) (#15)
    by andgarden on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 03:31:32 PM EST
    to blowing up any story about Bush usurping the Constitution. It allows a segue into that marvelous theory that Bush wouldn't be forced to withdraw from Iraq if Congress stopped funding the mission.

    How's that work? (none / 0) (#16)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 03:57:33 PM EST
    Does Bush print his own money?

    See that is the stupidity of it all.

    NO MONEY is all practicality, no money, no war.

    Parent

    There is no war (5.00 / 2) (#18)
    by chemoelectric on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 05:30:35 PM EST
    Our war ended long ago. We now have a brutal and ineffective occupation of a country that is in civil war. This is important because you 'win' an occupation by leaving. You 'win' a war by occupying, and that's not what we want 'winning' to mean.

    The flaw in the logic is that starving and dead soldiers might cost Bush nothin' but what he could steal, while Carl Levin blamed his fellow Democrats for the starving and death. But defunding through inactivity certainly is the best first step we've got; however, it won't happen without our first making Democrats suffer, suffer, suffer, and then suffer some more in the polls and the net.press.

    Harry Reid should suffer, for instance, for saying the Dems shouldn't have lied to get themselves elected. That's essentially what he said, right? But what's more is this means he thinks that such lying is what got the Dems elected--that it was clever lying that got them elected, not a public dismissing 'Republicans' for having failed to end the occupation (and being generally depraved).

    Parent

    That's essentially what he said. (none / 0) (#19)
    by Edger on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 05:37:47 PM EST
    Of course it's stupid. n/t (none / 0) (#17)
    by andgarden on Tue Jun 19, 2007 at 04:21:39 PM EST